Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population

Age at index date (year)

44.5 (33.7, 56.4)

45.3 (34.6, 57.3)

42.6 (31.9, 55.2)

 < 0.001

Male, n (%)

348 (12.3)

232 (12.3)

116 (12.3)

1

Comorbidity, n (%)

 Diabetes mellitus

235 (8.3)

186 (9.8)

49 (5.2)

 < 0.001

 Hypertension

415 (14.6)

321 (17.0)

94 (9.9)

 < 0.001

 Hyperlipidemia

331 (11.7)

261 (13.8)

70 (7.4)

 < 0.001

Laboratory profiles, median (IQR)

 Anti-dsDNA ab (WHO unit/ml)

47.7 (22.1, 131.1)

32.9 (16.3, 66.3)

123.5 (42.1, 450.3)

 < 0.001

 C3 (mg/dl)

110.2 (93.3, 128.0)

115.9 (100.4, 132.0)

97.6 (78.0, 114.9)

 < 0.001

 C4 (mg/dl)

25.1 (18.5, 32.3)

27.4 (21.3, 34.3)

19.2 (12.7, 26.3)

 < 0.001

 WBC (/mm³)

6200 (5010, 7900)

6430 (5260, 8063)

5680 (4500, 7445)

 < 0.001

 Neutrophils (%)

63.8 (56.5, 72.0)

63.4 (56.5, 71.5)

64.6 (56.3, 73.3)

0.131

 Basophils (%)

0.5 (0.3, 0.7)

0.5 (0.3, 0.7)

0.4 (0.3, 0.6)

 < 0.001

 Monocytes (%)

6.0 (4.8, 7.7)

5.9 (4.8, 7.2)

6.5 (5.0, 8.7)

 < 0.001

 Eosinophils (%)

1.5 (0.7, 2.7)

1.7 (0.9, 2.9)

1.2 (0.5, 2.4)

 < 0.001

 Hemoglobin (g/dl)

12.7 (11.6, 13.7)

12.9 (11.8, 13.8)

12.4 (11.3, 13.5)

 < 0.001

 Erythrocyte (10⁶/μL)

4.3 (3.9, 4.7)

4.3 (4.0, 4.7)

4.2 (3.8, 4.6)

 < 0.001

 Hematocrit

38.4 (35.0, 41.0)

38.7 (35.5, 41.2)

37.3 (34.0, 40.2)

 < 0.001

 Mean corpuscular volume

89.8 (85.8, 93.1)

89.9 (85.9, 93.1)

89.5 (85.3, 93.0)

0.531

 Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

30.0 (28.4, 31.3)

30.0 (28.4, 31.2)

30.0 (28.4, 31.5)

0.189

 Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

33.3 (32.4, 34.0)

33.2 (32.3, 33.9)

33.3 (32.5, 34.1)

0.001

 Erythrocyte distribution width

13.2 (12.5, 14.4)

13.2 (12.5, 14.3)

13.5 (12.7, 14.7)

 < 0.001

 Platelets (/mm³)

250 (202, 301)

259 (210, 310)

233 (185, 284)

 < 0.001

 Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.7 (0.6, 0.9)

0.7 (0.7, 0.9)

0.7 (0.6, 0.9)

0.129

 eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

77.5 (65.3, 90.8)

77.2 (65.1, 90.2)

78.4 (65.4, 92.8)

0.018

Medication profiles, n (%)

 Glucocorticoid

1616 (56.9)

970 (51.3)

646 (68.3)

 < 0.001

 Hydroxychloroquine

1714 (60.4)

960 (50.7)

754 (79.7)

 < 0.001

 Cyclophosphamide

98 (3.5)

71 (3.8)

27 (2.9)

0.217

 Cyclosporin

153 (5.4)

114 (6.0)

39 (4.1)

0.034

 Mycophenolate mofetil

74 (2.6)

56 (3.0)

18 (1.9)

0.096

 Azathioprine

322 (11.3)

163 (8.6)

159 (16.8)

 < 0.001

ANA titer at index date, n (%)

 1:80

845 (29.8)

731 (38.6)

114 (12.1)

 < 0.001

 1:160 & 1:320

1224 (43.1)

855 (45.2)

369 (39.0)

0.002

  ≥ 1:640

769 (27.1)

306 (16.2)

463 (48.9)

 < 0.001

ANA pattern profiles, n (%)

 AC1

1114 (39.3)

799 (42.2)

315 (33.3)

 < 0.001

 AC4

1824 (64.3)

1374 (72.6)

450 (47.6)

 < 0.001

 AC5

124 (4.4)

60 (3.2)

64 (6.8)

 < 0.001

 AC19

110 (3.9)

72 (3.8)

38 (4.0)

0.783

 AC24

91 (3.2)

86 (4.5)

5 (0.5)

 < 0.001

Polygenic risk profiles, median (IQR)

 PRS

-2.6 (-18.1, 12.3)

-7.7 (-21.7, 6.4)

8.6 (-7.6, 22.7)

 < 0.001

 PRSw + 

70.2 (48.2, 102.9)

64.3 (44.8, 93.0)

85.3 (59.9, 118.5)

 < 0.001

 PRSw-

-71.3 (-100.5, -51.5)

-77.7 (-105.1, -56.7)

-57.2 (-90.2, -42.5)

 < 0.001