Table 2 Demographics and clinical features between T2DM patients
| Â | Full cohort | Training set | Testing set |
|---|---|---|---|
(n = 53,477) | (n = 37,433) | (n = 16,044) | |
Demographic data | |||
 Age, years | 67.05 [57.37, 77.74] | 67.09 [57.46, 77.78] | 66.97 [57.20, 77.66] |
 Female gender,n(%) | 22,162 (41.4) | 15,508 (41.4) | 6654 (41.5) |
 Smoking,n(%) | 12,424 (23.2) | 8690 (23.2) | 3734 (23.3) |
 Alcohol consumption,n(%) | 9117 (17.0) | 6438 (17.2) | 2679 (16.7) |
Underlying comorbidities | |||
 Hypertension,n(%) | 31,142 (58.2) | 21,816 (58.3) | 9326 (58.1) |
 Transient ischemic attack,n(%) | 541 (1.0) | 371 (1.0) | 170 (1.1) |
 Ischemic stroke,n(%) | 3359 (6.3) | 2339 (6.2) | 1020 (6.4) |
 Hemorrhagic stroke,n(%) | 758 (1.4) | 533 (1.4) | 225 (1.4) |
 Myocardial infarction,n(%) | 1806 (3.4) | 1251 (3.3) | 555 (3.5) |
 Coronary artery disease,n(%) | 10,585 (19.8) | 7449 (19.9) | 3136 (19.5) |
 CHF,n(%) | 3032 (5.7) | 2139 (5.7) | 893 (5.6) |
 Chronic liver disease,n(%) | 4377 (8.2) | 3085 (8.2) | 1292 (8.1) |
 Cirrhosis,n(%) | 1193 (2.2) | 859 (2.3) | 334 (2.1) |
 Peptic ulcer disease,n(%) | 4613 (8.6) | 3238 (8.7) | 1375 (8.6) |
 Autoimmune disease,n(%) | 508 (0.9) | 360 (1.0) | 148 (0.9) |
 COPD,n(%) | 2881 (5.4) | 2026 (5.4) | 855 (5.3) |
 Asthma,n(%) | 1132 (2.1) | 784 (2.1) | 348 (2.2) |
 PAOD,n(%) | 99 (0.2) | 74 (0.2) | 25 (0.2) |
 Cancer,n(%) | 12,513 (23.4) | 8788 (23.5) | 3725 (23.2) |
 Gout,n(%) | 2445 (4.6) | 1751 (4.7) | 694 (4.3) |
 Atrial fibrillation,n(%) | 1589 (3.0) | 1133 (3.0) | 456 (2.8) |
 Valvular heart disease,n(%) | 1311 (2.5) | 917 (2.4) | 394 (2.5) |
 Diabetic retinopathy,n(%) | 2744 (5.1) | 1911 (5.1) | 833 (5.2) |
Laboratory data at the diagnosis of T2DM | |||
 Creatinine, mg/dL |  |  |  |
  Baseline serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0.94 [0.75, 1.27] | 0.94 [0.76, 1.27] | 0.94 [0.75, 1.27] |
  Mean serum creatinine, mg/dLa | 0.95 [0.76, 1.26] | 0.95 [0.76, 1.26] | 0.94 [0.76, 1.26] |
Cholesterol, mg/dL | 175.00 [155.00, 195.20] | 175.00 [155.00, 195.00] | 175.00 [155.95, 196.00] |
Triglyceride, mg/dL | 129.40 [94.00, 177.00] | 130.00 [94.60, 177.00] | 129.00 [94.00, 176.00] |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 104.00 [89.20, 120.00] | 104.00 [89.00, 120.00] | 104.40 [89.80, 120.40] |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 44.60 [39.00, 50.60] | 44.60 [39.00, 50.60] | 44.80 [39.00, 50.80] |
Uric acid, mg/dL | 5.98 [5.00, 7.00] | 5.98 [5.00, 7.00] | 5.96 [5.00, 7.00] |
Calcium, mg/dL | 9.18 [8.92, 9.40] | 9.18 [8.92, 9.40] | 9.16 [8.92, 9.40] |
Phosphate, mg/dL | 3.30 [3.04, 3.54] | 3.30 [3.04, 3.54] | 3.30 [3.04, 3.56] |
White blood cells, /mm3 | 7300 [6100, 8860] | 7300 [6100, 8860] | 7300 [6100, 8820] |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.60 [11.40, 13.70] | 12.60 [11.40, 13.70] | 12.60 [11.40, 13.70] |
Albumin, g/dL | 3.90 [3.58, 4.16] | 3.90 [3.58, 4.16] | 3.90 [3.56, 4.16] |
Alanine transaminase, U/L | 23.00 [17.00, 35.00] | 23.00 [17.00, 35.00] | 23.00 [17.00, 35.00] |
Aspartate transaminase, U/L | 23.20 [19.00, 31.00] | 23.20 [19.00, 31.00] | 23.20 [18.80, 31.00] |
Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.69 [0.51, 1.00] | 0.69 [0.51, 1.00] | 0.69 [0.51, 0.99] |
Direct bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.26 [0.17, 0.38] | 0.26 [0.17, 0.38] | 0.26 [0.17, 0.38] |
Alkaline phosphatase, U/L | 84.00 [71.20, 104.20] | 84.00 [71.20, 104.00] | 84.00 [71.00, 104.20] |
Gamma-glutamyl transferase, U/L | 43.00 [28.80, 73.60] | 43.00 [28.80, 73.80] | 43.40 [28.80, 73.40] |
HbA1c, % | 7.70 [6.90, 9.42] | 7.70 [6.90, 9.43] | 7.70 [6.88, 9.40] |
Glucose, mg/dL | 142.00 [117.00, 186.00] | 142.00 [117.00, 186.00] | 142.00 [117.00, 186.00] |
INR | 1.02 [0.99, 1.10] | 1.02 [0.99, 1.10] | 1.02 [0.99, 1.10] |
aPTT, seconds | 57.56 [48.96, 85.10] | 57.56 [48.96, 85.10] | 57.37 [48.96, 85.10] |
Hs-CRP, mg/dL | 1.08 [0.32, 1.52] | 1.08 [0.32, 1.53] | 1.08 [0.32, 1.43] |
Iron, μg/dL | 64.60 [54.00, 77.20] | 64.60 [54.00, 77.00] | 64.40 [53.80, 77.20] |
TSH, uIU/mL | 1.77 [1.22, 2.31] | 1.76 [1.22, 2.31] | 1.78 [1.22, 2.31] |
Free T4, ng/dL | 1.08 [1.01, 1.17] | 1.08 [1.01, 1.17] | 1.08 [1.01, 1.17] |
Spot urine protein-creatinine ratio, g/g | 2.28 [0.50, 3.43] | 2.32 [0.51, 3.43] | 2.19 [0.49, 3.41] |
Concomitant medications | |||
 RAAS inhibitors,n(%) | 30,111 (56.3) | 21,093 (56.3) | 9018 (56.2) |
 Alpha, blocker,n(%) | 14,189 (26.5) | 9927 (26.5) | 4262 (26.6) |
 Beta blocker,n(%) | 21,922 (41.0) | 15,333 (41.0) | 6589 (41.1) |
 CCB,n(%) | 27,749 (51.9) | 19,465 (52.0) | 8284 (51.6) |
 Warfarin,n(%) | 1761 (3.3) | 1234 (3.3) | 527 (3.3) |
 DOAC,n(%) | 138 (0.3) | 94 (0.3) | 44 (0.3) |
 Aspirin,n(%) | 16,713 (31.3) | 11,766 (31.4) | 4947 (30.8) |
 Clopidogrel, n(%) | 6709 (12.5) | 4770 (12.7) | 1939 (12.1) |
 Nitrate,n(%) | 12,810 (24.0) | 8960 (23.9) | 3850 (24.0) |
 Statin,n(%) | 22,656 (42.4) | 15,843 (42.3) | 6813 (42.5) |
 Diuretic,n(%) | 18,660 (34.9) | 13,073 (34.9) | 5587 (34.8) |
 Spironolactone,n(%) | 5066 (9.5) | 3568 (9.5) | 1498 (9.3) |
 Metformin,n(%) | 37,396 (69.9) | 26,158 (69.9) | 11,238 (70.0) |
 Sulfonylurea,n(%) | 25,202 (47.1) | 17,631 (47.1) | 7571 (47.2) |
 Meglitinide,n(%) | 8625 (16.1) | 6024 (16.1) | 2601 (16.2) |
 SGLT2 inhibitor,n(%) | 505 (0.9) | 358 (1.0) | 147 (0.9) |
 GLP1 receptor agonist,n(%) | 78 (0.1) | 60 (0.2) | 18 (0.1) |
 Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor,n(%) | 16,164 (30.2) | 11,299 (30.2) | 4865 (30.3) |
 Thiazolidinedione,n(%) | 4847 (9.1) | 3408 (9.1) | 1439 (9.0) |
 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor,n(%) | 8530 (16.0) | 5956 (15.9) | 2574 (16.0) |
 Insulin,n(%) | 26,752 (50.0) | 18,790 (50.2) | 7962 (49.6) |
 NSAID,n(%) | 26,349 (49.3) | 18,450 (49.3) | 7899 (49.2) |
 COX-2 inhibitor,n(%) | 7230 (13.5) | 5037 (13.5) | 2193 (13.7) |
 Proton pump inhibitor,n(%) | 14,700 (27.5) | 10,267 (27.4) | 4433 (27.6) |
 Steroid,n(%) | 8747 (16.4) | 6100 (16.3) | 2647 (16.5) |
 Allopurinol,n(%) | 2466 (4.6) | 1711 (4.6) | 755 (4.7) |
 Febuxostat,n(%) | 1065 (2.0) | 734 (2.0) | 331 (2.1) |
 Benzbromarone,n(%) | 4388 (8.2) | 3078 (8.2) | 1310 (8.2) |