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Table 2 Performance comparison of nine models based on GRUs with different input pipelines. Models are evaluated using F1 and semantic similarity. Each model includes certain inputs (listed as column headers). When a particular input type is included, there is a \(\checkmark\) in the corresponding cell

From: A Gated Recurrent Unit based architecture for recognizing ontology concepts from biological literature

Model

Input Pipelines

Embeddings

 

\(X^{token}_{test}\)

\(X^{char}_{test}\)

\(X^{repr}_{test}\)

\(X^{POS}_{test}\)

\(X^{BIOT}_{test}\)

\(X^{UMLS}_{test}\)

CRAFT

GloVe

ELMo

     

Prot.

Biom.

Chem.

Macr.

 

F1

Sem.

F1

Sem.

F1

Sem.

\(M_1\)

\(\checkmark\)

        

0.78

0.79

0.82

0.83

0.81

0.81

\(M_2\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

       

0.79

0.80

0.82

0.83

0.82

0.83

\(M_3\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

      

0.80

0.81

0.82

0.83

0.81

0.81

\(M_4\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

     

0.79

0.80

0.82

0.83

0.82

0.83

\(M_5\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

    

0.81

0.82

0.81

0.82

0.84

0.84

\(M_6\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

   

0.79

0.80

0.82

0.83

0.83

0.83

\(M_7\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

  

0.81

0.82

0.82

0.84

0.84

0.84

\(M_8\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

 

0.80

0.81

0.82

0.83

0.83

0.84

\(M_9\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

0.80

0.81

0.82

0.83

0.84

0.84