Table 1 GxE genes and SNPs under selection for climatic and geographic characteristics

ACE-rs7214530

Winter PC1 [58]

SBP-physical activity; LC

ADAMTS9

Hypoxia - high-altitude Amharans (Ethiopia) [61]

LC

ADH1C

Digestion of milk and dairy products; metabolism of carbohydrates, starch, proteins, lipids and phosphates; alcohol metabolism [60]

BMI-alcohol consumption; waist circumference-alcohol consumption

ADRA2B-rs7604842

Summer PC1 [58]

T2DM-physical activity; LC

ANGPTL4

Hypoxia - high-altitude Tibetans [62]

HDL-C-carbohydrate, percent energy from

APOA4 - rs5110

Nutritional advantage to those with high milk consumption [63]

Varirous GxEs: blood lipids-dietary fatty acid intake

CD36

Dispersal and subsequent exposure to novel climates; summer PC1; fat consumption [58, 60, 64]

LC

CETP

Dispersal and subsequent exposure to novel climates; energy metabolism and hot or cold tolerance; summer PC2 [58, 60]

Cholesterol, total-fat, total intake; Δcholesterol, total-SFA, percent energy from; HDL-C-diet (3); HDL-C-physical activity (4); HDL-C-alcohol consumption (2); HDL-C-fat, total, percent energy from; HDL-C-MUFA, percent energy from; HDL-C-SFA, percent energy from; triglyceride-alcohol consumption; LC

CLOCK-rs1979605

Summer PC2 [58]

BMI-physical activity; glucose, fasting-MUFA, percent energy from; insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)-MUFA, percent energy from; waist circumference-SFA, percent energy from

CYP1A2

Domestication of plants [60]

myocardial infarction-coffee intake

CYP3A5

Domestication of plants; aridity (salt retention adaptation) in some Africans [60, 65]

DBP-sodium intake; SBP-sodium intake; LC

EDNRA

Hypoxia - high-altitude Tibetans [66]

Arterial stiffness-physical activity

FABP2-rs1799883

Latitude [58]

ΔSBP-Mediterranean hypocaloric diet + exercise (MHD + E); Δglucose, fasting-MHD + E; ΔLDL-C-MHD + E; glucose tolerance-low-fat diet; glucose, fasting-low-fat diet; insulin, plasma, fasting-low-fat diet; LC

FABP2

Dispersal and subsequent exposure to novel climates; latitude [58, 60]

(see above)

GNPDA2

Precipitation; summer [59]

Δbody weight-weight-loss intervention + exercise

LEPR-rs1137100

Winter PC1 [58]

SBP-physical activity; Δinsulin, fasting-physical activity

LEPR

Digestion of milk and dairy products; metabolism of carbohydrates, starch, proteins, lipids and phosphates; alcohol metabolism; energy metabolism, hot or cold tolerance; latitude, summer PC2; winter PC1 [58, 60]

Δbody weight-low-calorie diet; insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)-PUFA, N-3, plasma; insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)-PUFA, N-6, plasma; insulin, plasma, fasting-PUFA, N-3, plasma; insulin, plasma, fasting-PUFA, N-6, plasma; ΔSBP-MHD + E; ΔBMI-MHD + E; Δbody weight-MHD + E; Δwaist circumference-MHD + E; LC

LCT

Dairy farming and milk usage; dietary preferences; alcohol consumption [60]

BMI-lactose; body weight-lactose; waist circumference-lactose

LIPE

Hypoxia - high-altitude Ethiopians [67]

BMI-physical activity; cholesterol:HDL-C ratio-physical activity; LC

LPA

Dispersal and subsequent exposure to novel climates; winter PC2 [58, 60]

Lp (a), plasma-fish intake

PON1-rs662

Summer PC1 [58]

Cholesterol, total-smoking; HDL-C-physical activity; HDL-C-PUFA, N-9, oleic acid intake; LDL-C-smoking; triglyceride-smoking; LC

PON1

Dispersal and subsequent exposure to novel climates; summer PC1 [58, 60]

(see above)

PPARA

Hypoxia - high-altitude Tibetans [62]

CRP, plasma-PUFA, N-3, percent energy from; triglyceride-PUFA, N-3, percent energy from; triglyceride-PUFA, N-6, percent energy from; triglyceride-PUFA, percent energy from; waist circumference-fat, total intake; waist circumference-SFA intake; HDL-C-PUFA intake; LC

PPARD

Dairy farming and milk usage; dietary preferences; alcohol consumption [60]

ΔHDL-C-physical activity; LDL particle size-PUFA:SFA ratio; ΔVO2max-physical activity; Δwork output, max-physical activity; LC

PPARGC1A-rs4550905

Winter PC1 [58]

BMI-alcohol consumption; BMI-physical activity; Δinsulin resistance (HOMA-IR)-low-calorie diet; LC

TCF7L2-rs11196175

Summer PC1 [58]

Glucose, fasting-fat, total, percent energy from; insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)-fat, total, percent energy from; insulin sensitivity-SFA, percent energy from; insulin, plasma, fasting-SFA, percent energy from; metabolic syndrome-SFA, percent energy from; LC

UCP1-rs1800592

Temperature - cold resistance [68]

ΔBMI-energy intake; Δbody weight-energy intake; Δwaist circumference-energy intake; LC

UCP2-rs659366

Temperature - cold resistance [68]

Δbody weight-high-calorie diet; ΔBMI-low-calorie diet; BMI-homestead; LC

UCP3-rs1800849

Temperature - cold resistance [68]

BMI-physical activity

UCP3

Dispersal and subsequent exposure to novel climates; winter PC1; temperature - cold resistance [58, 60]

Δbody weight-high-calorie diet